The possibilities of GAIA method application for DUS examination in Ukraine

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.21.1.2025.327502

Keywords:

weights of the difference for morphological characteristics, SSR markers, principal components, phenotypic and molecular distances, maize

Abstract

Purpose. To determine the applicability of the GAIA method for comparison of reference collection of maize lines based on weights of the difference for morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Methods. Field methods (descriptive plant morphology), molecular methods (PCR, capillary electrophoresis), and statistical methods (principal component analysis, correlation analysis). Results. The study examined 57 lines of maize reference collection to determine their differences based on phenotypic and molecular distances using the GAIA method. The comparison of maize lines, considering the difference for morphological characteristics, identified 12 lines classified as “Distinct Plus” compared to other studied maize lines. The obtained data indicate that most of the “Distinct Plus” lines were classified as distinct according to distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) testing. However, three pairs of lines identified as “Distinct Plus” were classified by the DUS expert as similar or very similar. It was determined that the first two principal components explain 23.37% of characteristic variability. Principal component analysis revealed that the high level of variability attributed to the differences of grouping characteristics and traits which are not used for variety grouping during DUS testing. This suggests that to enhance the effectiveness of the GAIA method, it is advisable to increase weights of the difference for qualitative morphological characteristics. Based on the combination of phenotypic and molecular distances, an additional 35 pairs of maize lines were identified with a high degree of distinction, eliminating the need for side-by-side field comparisons in the next growing season. Conclusions. The application of the GAIA method for maize line analysis helps reduce the number of side-by-side field comparisons by integrating morphological traits and molecular markers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Jamali, S. H., Cockram, J., & Hickey, L. T. (2019). Insights into deployment of DNA markers in plant variety protection and registration. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 132(7), 1911–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03348-7

Saccomanno, B., Wallace, M., O’Sullivan, D. M., & Cockram, J. (2020). Use of genetic markers for the detection of off-types for DUS phenotypic traits in the inbreeding crop, barley. Molecular Breeding, 40(1), Article number 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-019-1088-y

Achard, F., Butruille, M., Madjarac, S., Nelson, P. T., Duesing, J., Laffont, J., Nelson, B., Xiong, J., Mikel, M. A., & Smith, J. S. C. (2020). Single nucleotide polymorphisms facilitate distinctness‐uniformity‐stability testing of soybean cultivars for plant variety protection. Crop Science, 60(5), 2280–2303. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20201

Yu, J.-K., & Chung, Y.-S. (2021). Plant variety protection: Current practices and insights. Genes, 12(8), Article number 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081127

Wijesundara, W. W. M. U. K., Ananda, G. K. S., Ranaweera, L. T., Udawela, U. A. K. S., Weebadde, C. K., & Sooriyapathirana, S. D. S. S. (2018). Intellectual property rights (IPRs) for plant breeders: A review on theoretical framework and employment of DNA-based varietal authentication for claiming IPR. Sri Lanka Journal of Food and Agriculture, 4(2), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljfa.v4i2.64

Hussain, H., & Nisar, M. (2020). Assessment of plant genetic variations using molecular markers: A review. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 8(5), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2020.80514

Belete, Y., Shimelis, H., Laing, M., & Mathew, I. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure of bread wheat genotypes determined via phenotypic and SSR marker analyses under drought-stress conditions. Journal of Crop Improvement, 35(3), 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2020.1818342

Wang, L., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, D., Wang, M., Wang, H., Duan, L., Li, H., Wang, W., Geng, H., Cheng, H., An, C., Han, R., & Li, R. (2023). Genetic characterization of cotton varieties and genetic threshold value determination for similar variety selection in cotton DUS testing. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 70(8), 2463–2477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01575-y

Julier, B., Barre, P., Lambroni, P., Delaunay, S., Thomasset, M., Lafaillette, F., & Gensollen, V. (2018). Use of GBS markers to distinguish among lucerne varieties, with comparison to morphological traits. Molecular Breeding, 38(11), Article number 133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018-0891-1

Lübberstedt, T., & Merrick, L. (2023). Genomic tools for variety registration and protection. In W. P. Suza, & K. R. Lamkey (Eds.), Molecular plant breeding (pp. 251–296). Iowa State University Digital Press. https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/molecularplantbreeding/chapter/genomic-tools-for-variety-registration-and-protection

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. (2022). Document TGP/8: Trial design and techniques used in the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://www.upov.int/edocs/tgpdocs/en/tgp_8.pdf

Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination. (2024). Methodology for the examination of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties for distinctness, uniformity, and stability. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://sops.gov.ua/uploads/page/Meth_DUS/2024/Method_kukurudza_2024_07_22.pdf [In Ukrainian]

Bugaud, C., Maraval, I., & Meghar, K. (2022). RTBfoods Manual - Part 3 Tutorial: Statistical analyses (PCA and multiple regression) to visualize the sensory analysis data and relate it to the instrumental data. Biophysical Characterization of Quality Traits, WP2. RTBfoods Project-CIRAD. https://doi.org/10.18167/agritrop/00710

Molecular biomarker analysis – SSR analysis of maize (E): ISO/TR 17623:2015. (2015). Geneva.

Xia, X. (2018). DAMBE7: New and improved tools for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1550–1552. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy073

Prysiazhniuk, L. M., Shytikova, Yu. V., Tahantsova, M. M., Dikhtiar, I. O., & Hryniv, S. M. (2024). Comparative analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) lines based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Plant Varieties Studying and Protection, 20(4), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.20.4.2024.324206 [In Ukrainian]

Bayisa, M., Diro, D., & Asefa, G. (2022). Assessing the morphological variability and some seed quality contributing traits for mid altitude maize inbred lines (Zea mays L.) in western Ethiopia, Bako. American Journal of Plant Biology, 7(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpb.20220701.20

Sinha S. K., Singh R., Tiwari J., & Thakur D. (2019). Utilization of principal component analysis in determining selection criteria and selection of superior and diverse inbred lines in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 671–676.

Mahmood, T., Ghafoor, S., Shahid, M., Ahmad, B., Tahir, N., Abdullah, M., & Aslam, M. (2022). Morphological standard based genetic diversity among maize (Zea mays L.) accessions indigenous to Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 11(4), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijab/2022.029

Islam, S., Ferdausi, A., Sweety, A. Y., Das, A., Ferdoush, A., & Haque, M. A. (2020). Morphological characterization and genetic diversity analyses of plant traits contributed to grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Biosciences and Agriculture Research, 25(1), 2047–2059. https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.250120

Santhy, V., Rathinavel, K., Saravanan, M., Meshram, M., & Priyadharshini, C. (2020). Genetic diversity assessment of extant cotton varieties based on principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis of enlisted DUS traits. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(2), 430–438. https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1102.075

Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination. (2024). Methodology for the examination of cotton varieties (Gossypium L.) for distinctness, uniformity, and stability. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://sops.gov.ua/uploads/page/Meth_DUS/2024/Gossypium.pdf [In Ukrainian]

Zhang, J., Yang, J., Fu, S., Ren, J., Zhang, X., Xia, C., Zhao, H., Yang, K., & Wen, C. (2022). Comparison of DUS testing and SNP fingerprinting for variety identification in cucumber. Horticultural Plant Journal, 8(5), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2022.07.002

Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination. (2023). Methodology for the examination of cucumber varieties (Cucumis sativus L.) for distinctness, uniformity, and stability. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://sops.gov.ua/uploads/page/Meth_DUS/2023/Method_vegetable.pdf [In Ukrainian]

Smith, J. S. C. (2021). The future of essentially derived variety (EDV) status: Predominantly more explanations or essential change. Agronomy, 11(6), Article number 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061261

Ribarits, A., Bomers, S., Zerak, T., Alber, O., Seereiter, J., Escolano García, A., Lázaro Somoza, A., Giulini, A. P. M., Somogyi, F., Kőrösi, S., & Taferner-Kriegl, J. (2024). DurdusTools – an online genetic distance calculation tool for efficient variety testing in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). Crops, 4(4), 584–601. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4040041

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. (2021). UPOV – Working Group on Biochemical and Molecular Techniques and DNA-Profiling in Particular (BMT/20). Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://www.upov.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=60594

On Protection of Rights to Plant Varieties: Law of Ukraine of 21.04.1993 No. 3116 XII: as of 15.11.2024. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3116-14

Downloads

Published

2025-04-27

How to Cite

Prysiazhniuk, L. M., Starychenko, Y. M., Tahantsova M. М., Shytikova, Y. V., Hryniv, S. M., & Stadnichenko, O. A. (2025). The possibilities of GAIA method application for DUS examination in Ukraine. Plant Varieties Studying and Protection, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.21.1.2025.327502

Issue

Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025)

Section

GENETICS

License

Copyright (c) 2025 L. M. Prysiazhniuk, Ye. M. Starychenko, M. М. Tahantsova, Yu. V. Shytikova, S. M. Hryniv, O. A. Stadnichenko

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Starting in 2022, the copyright to the publication remains with the authors

Our journal abides by the CREATIVE COMMONS copyright rights and permissions for open access journals.

Authors, who are published in this journal, agree to the following conditions:

  1. The authors reserve the right to authorship of the work and pass the first publication right of this work to the journal under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to freely distribute the published research with the obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
  2. The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive work distribution in the form in which it has been published by the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.